Toward Stonewall
Homosexuality and Society in the Modern Western World

As recently as the 1970s, gay and lesbian history was a relatively unexplored field for serious scholars. Since then however, there has been an enormous growth in gay and lesbian studies. This book provides a synthesis of this literature, drawing upon popular and scholarly writings.

As recently as the 1970s, gay and lesbian history was a relatively unexplored field for serious scholars. The past quarter century, however, has seen enormous growth in gay and lesbian studies. The literature is now voluminous; it is also widely scattered and not always easily accessible. In Toward Stonewall, Nicholas Edsall provides a much-needed synthesis, drawing upon both scholarly and popular writings to chart the development of homosexual subcultures in the modern era and the uneasy place they have occupied in Western society. Edsall's survey begins three hundred years ago in northwestern Europe, when homosexual subcultures recognizably similar to those of our own era began to emerge, and it follows their surprisingly diverse paths through the Enlightenment to the early nineteenth century. The book then turns to the Victorian era, tracing the development of articulate and self-aware homosexual subcultures. With a greater sense of identity and organization came new forms of resistance: this was the age that saw the persecution of Oscar Wilde, among others, as well as the medical establishment's labeling of homosexuality as a sign of degeneracy. The book's final section locates the foundations of present-day gay subcultures in a succession of twentieth-century scenes and events--in pre-Nazi Germany, in the lesbian world of interwar Paris, in the law reforms of 1960s England--culminating in the emergence of popular movements in the postwar United States. Rather than examining these groups in isolation, the book considers them in their social contexts and as comparable to other subordinate groups and minority movements. In the process, Toward Stonewall illuminates not only thesubcultures that are its primary subject but the larger societies from which they emerged.

Part 1 Making a subculture: Origins
Patterns of repression
Sodomy and the Enlightenment
Europe divided
Conclusion to Part 1. Part 2 Defining a subculture: Pioneers - The United States
Pioneers - Germany
Pioneers - England
Wilde
Degeneracy and atavism
Purity and impurity
The cult of youth
Forster and Gide
Conclusion to Part 2. Part 3 Organizing a subculture: Between the wars
The making of a lesbian subculture
Homosexuality and psychiatry
False starts and new beginnings
Reaction
Outsiders abroad and at home
From Wolfenden to Stonewall
Conclusion to Part 3.