The changing concept of "virtue" during the 18th century is followed here, from the Roman ideals of personal integrity which was lacking in the political corruption of the time, to the idea of virtue prevailing only in the unpoliticized, to the questioning of the very concept of "virtue" itself.

In the 18th century "virtue" was a word to conjure with. It called to mind heroic predecessors from the Roman Republic such as Cato and Brutus and invoked qualities of personal integrity, selflessness and a concern for the common good, which, though urgently needed, seemed desperately lacking, both in the ruthless party struggles of the age of Anne and subsequently in the all pervading political corruption of the Walpole administration. When the longed for political saviour failed to materialize it was increasingly felt that if virtue existed at all then it would have to be sought for among the lower orders of society or else in provincial areas, where simpler and nobler values might still prevail. But with the coming of the French Revolution and Romanticism, virtue began to lose its powerful resonances. It now seemed naive and simplistic, all too ready to deny both the complexities of human nature and the possibility of determination by external cultural forces.

Virtue's vicissitudes
Virtue excluded
Virtue from below
Provincial virtue
The Romantics and virtue