For introductory and advanced courses in Photography. Why is this the #1 photography text year after year? Because no other source teaches students the skills they need to use the medium confidently and effectively, emphasizing both technique and visual awareness.

"Photography: The Essential Way "is a departure from tradition that moves boldly into the digital age with you. This new book embraces the new photography that is captured, shaped, transmitted, printed, and saved electronically, while retaining coverage of film and its exposure and development. Comprehensive coverage of essential topics such as digital and film cameras, lenses, exposure, sensors and film, and developing black-and-white film.

Preface viii
1 Getting Started 2
Camera and Film
4
Getting Your Camera Ready
5
Focusing and Setting the Exposure
6
Taking Your Picture
8
What Will You Photograph?
9
Some Basic Guidelines to Get You Started
9
Photographing People
10
Photographing Places
12
2 Camera 14
Basic Camera Controls 16
The Shutter
18
The Shutter and Light
18
The Shutter and Motion
20
Conveying Motion in a Still Photograph 22
The Aperture
24
The Aperture and Light 24
The Aperture and Depth of Field
26
Using Shutter and Aperture Together
28
Choosing a Camera
30
Keeping the Camera Steady
33
photographer at work: Photojournalist James Nachtwey
34
3 Lens 36
From Pinhole to Lens
38
Lens Focal Length
40
Normal Focal Length
42
Long Focal Length
44
Short Focal Length
46
Zoom Lenses
48
Special-Purpose Lenses
49
Focusing Your Lens
50
Manual Focus
50
Automatic Focus
52
Focus and Depth of Field
54
Controlling Depth of Field
56
Zone Focusing
58
Focusing on the Hyperfocal Distance
59
Perspective
60
Guidelines for Buying a Lens
62
Getting the Most from Your Camera and Lens
63
photographer at work: Mary Ellen Mark
64
4
Exposure, Sensors, and Film 66
Exposure Basics
68
Equivalent Exposures
68
How Exposure Meters Work
69
In-Camera Exposure Meters
70
Automatic Exposure
71
How to Meter
72
An Overall Reading of a Scene with Average Tones
72
Using Different Types of Meters
73
Metering High-Contrast Scenes
74
Exposing for Specific Tones and Bracketing
76
Hard-to-Meter Scenes 77
Responding to Light
78
Silver and Pixels
78
Selecting and Using Film
79
Exposure Latitude and Dynamic Range 80
How Much Can Exposures Vary?
80
Film and Sensor Speed 82
Speed and ISO
82
Grain and Noise
83
Extending Beyond Visible Light 84
Infrared Photographs
84
Special Purpose Films
86
Instant and Chromogenic Films 86
Polarizing Filters
87
Using Filters
88
Using Exposure
90
photographer at work: Advertising Photographer Clint Clemens
92
5 Developing the Negative 94
How to Process Black-and-White Roll Film
96
Equipment and Supplies You'll Need
96
Processing Chemicals and How to Handle Them
97
Chemical Safety
98
Processing Black-and-White Roll Film Step by Step
100
How Film Processing Affects Your Picture
106
Exposure and Development:
Under, Normal, Over
108
6 Printing in a Darkroom 110
Black-and-White Printing
112
Equipment and Supplies for Printing
112
The Enlarger
114
Printing Papers 116
Making a Black-and-White Print Step by Step
118
A Contact Sheet: A Whole Roll at Once
118
Setting Up an Enlargement
120
A Test Strip for Your Print
122
A Trial Print--and Then a Final Print
123
Processing a Black-and-White Print
124
Evaluating Density and Contrast in a Print
128
Controlling Contrast
130
Graded- and Variable-Contrast Papers 130
Dodging and Burning
132
Cropping
134
Archival Processing for Maximum Permanence
135
Toning for Color and Other Effects
136
7 Color 138
Color: Additive or Subtractive
140
Color Photographs: Three Image Layers
141
Color Characteristics
142
Color Balance
144
Color Changes through the Day
144
Color Casts
146
Color Temperature
147
Filters to Balance Color
148
Developing Color Film
150
Making a Color Print From a Negative
151
Equipment and Materials You'll Need
151
Exposing a Test Print
152
Judging Density in a Print Made from a Negative
154
Judging Color Balance in a Print Made from a Negative 155
More About Color Balance and Print Finishing
157
Making a Color Print from a Transparency
158
Judging a Print Made from a Transparency
159
photographer at work: Another Angle on Sports--Walter Iooss, Jr.
160
8 Setting up a Digital Darkroom 162
Hardware and Software
164
An Overview
164
Capturing Detail: Resolution and Bit Depth
165
Photographs Are Files
166
File Formats
166
Importing Your Images 168
Downloading and Scanning
168
Making a Scan 169
Color Management
170
Histograms
172
Anatomy of a Digital Image
172
Three Histograms for Color
173
Setting Up a Workflow 174
photographer at work: Digital Storyteller--Pedro Meyer
176
9 Image Editing 178
Digital Post-Processing and Editing: Getting Started
180
Choosing Software
180
Your Work Area and Tools
181
Setting Up an Image to Edit
182
Channels
183
Color or Black and White?
183
Adjusting Color and Value
184
Different Approaches
184
Using Levels
185
Curves 186
Adjusting All or Part of an Image
188
Selection Tools 188
Using Layers
189
Other Editing Commands
190
High Dynamic Range
190
Filters for Special Effects
191
Retouching and Sharpening
192
Compositing
194
An Image-Editing Workflow
196
10 Digital Printing 198
Printers and Printing
200
Printer Choices 200
Drivers and RIPs
201
Profiles and Soft Proofing
202
Papers and Inks
203
Printing Options
204
Panoramic Photographs
204
Printing in Black and White
206
Displaying Your Work
208
The Internet--Gallery and Resource
208
Ethics: How Far Can You Go? 209
11 Organizing and Storing Your Work 210
Image Storage
212
Size Matters
212
Metadata: Data About Your Files
213
Software to Keep You Organized
214
Archiving Digital Images
215
Archiving Film and Prints
216
12 Print Finishing and Display 218
Spotting to Remove Minor Flaws
220
Mounting a Print
221
Equipment and Supplies You'll Need
221
Dry Mounting
222
Cutting an Overmat
224
Framing and Glazing
225
13 Lighting 226
Direction of Light
228
Degree of Diffusion: From Hard to Soft Light
230
Available Light--Outdoors
232
Available Light--Indoors
233
Artificial Light
234
Lights and Other Lighting Equipment
234
Qualities of Artificial Light
235
The Main Light: The Dominant Source
236
The Fill Light: To Lighten Shadows
238
Lighting with Flash
240
Flash Equipment
241
Basic Flash Techniques 242
Manual Flash Exposures
244
Automatic Flash Exposures
245
Fill Flash: To Lighten Shadows
246
Controlling Background Brightness
248
Simple Portrait Lighting 250
Multiple-Light Portrait Setups
252
Lighting Textured Objects
254
Lighting Reflective Objects
255
Lighting Translucent Objects
256
Using Lighting
257
photographer at work: Dance Photographer Lois Greenfield
258
14 Extending the Image 260
Using Scale
262
Pictures Very Large and Very Small
262
Multiple Images
264
More is Better
264
Fabricated to be Photographed 266
The Photograph as Object
268
Using Projections
270
Making a Book
271
Alternative Processes
272
Cyanotype Printing
272
Platinum and Palladium Printing 273
Gum Bichromate Printing
274
Image Transfer 275
A Photogram: A Cameraless Picture
276
Cross Processing
278
A Sabattier Image: Part Positive, Part Negative 279
Pinhole Photography
280
How to Make a Close-Up Photograph 282
Close-Up Exposures
283
Copying Techniques
284
15 View Camera 286
Inside a View Camera
288
View Camera Movements
290
Rise and Fall
290
Shift
292
Tilt
294
Swing
296
Using a View Camera to Control the Image
298
Controlling the Plane of Focus
299
Controlling Perspective 300
Equipment You'll Need
302
What to Do First--and Next
303
Loading and Processing Sheet Film
304
16 The Zone System 306
The Zone System Scales
308
Using the Zone Scale While Metering
310
Placing a Tone, Seeing Where Other Tones Fall
310
How Development Controls Contrast
312
Putting It All Together
314
Roll Film and Color Film
315
photographer at work: Using the Zone System--John Sexton
316
17 Seeing Photographs 318
Basic Choices
320
Content
320
Framing the Subject
322
Backgrounds
324
Basic Design
326
Spot/Line
326
Shape/Pattern
328
Emphasis/Balance
330
More Choices
332
Using Contrasts of Sharpness
332
Using Contrasts of Light and Dark
334
Placing the Subject within the Frame
336
Perspective and Point of View
338
Looking at--and Talking About-- Photographs
340
Showing Your Work to Editors and Others
342
18 History of Photography 344
The Invention of Photography
346
Daguerreotype: "Designs on Silver Bright"
347
Calotype: Pictures on Paper
348
Collodion Wet-Plate:
Sharp and Reproducible 349
Gelatin Emulsion/Roll-Film Base:
Photography for Everyone
350
Color Photography
351
Early Portraits
352
Early Travel Photography
354
Early Images of War
355
Time and Motion in Early Photographs
356
The Photograph as Document
357
Photography and Social Change
358
Photojournalism
360
Photography as Art in the 19th Century 364
Pictorial Photography and the Photo-Secession 365
The Direct Image in Art
366
The Quest for a New Vision
367
Photography as Art in the 1950s and 1960s
368
Photography as Art in the 1970s and 1980s
370
A Gallery of Contemporary Photography
372
Troubleshooting
388
Glossary
399
Bibliography
404
Credits
408
Index
410