You can use vertex shaders to deform geometry, apply procedural textures with pixel and texture shaders, and use effects to encapsulate shader and pipeline state making code reuse a snap. CD features: Sample programs that demonstrate: Vertex shader transformations, lighting, fog, vertex displacement, and vertex blending Pixel shader texturing, 2-D image processing, and lighting Texture shader generation of procedural textures Encapsulating assembly-language and HLSL shaders into an effect Interactive development of an effect using EffectEdit DirectX 9 SDK Fully searchable eBook

Foreword xiii


Acknowledgments xvii


Introduction xix
PART I
PROGRAMMING ASSEMBLY-LANGUAGE SHADERS

1
Vertex Shader Introduction 3


Vertex Processing
4


Vertex Shader Tutorial 1: Transforming Vertices 6


Vertex Shader Tutorial 1a: Adding a Diffuse Color
19


Summary 23
2
Vertex Shader Virtual Machine
25


Virtual Machine Block Diagram
25


Shader Layout
27


Registers
28


Instructions 32




Setup Instructions
33




Arithmetic Instructions
34




Macro-Op Instructions
35




Texture Instructions 36




Flow-Control Instructions
36


Modifiers Extend the Virtual Machine 37


Vertex Shader Version Differences 39


Summary
41
3
Vertex Shader Examples 43


Example 1: Vertex Shader Fog
43


Example 2: Vertex Shader SDK Sample
47


Example 3: Vertex Blend SDK Sample
56


Summary 65
4
Pixel Shader Virtual Machine
67


Pixel Processing 67


Pixel Shader Virtual Machine Block Diagram
72


Shader Layout
74


Registers 75




Input Registers for Versions 1_1 to 1_4 76




Output Register for Versions 1_1 to 1_4
77




Input Registers for Version ps_2_0 and Later
77


Instructions 80




Setup Instructions
82




Arithmetic Instructions
83




Macro-Op Instructions
84




Texture Instructions
85




Flow-Control Instructions 87




Instruction Set Summary
89


Modifiers Extend the Virtual Machine
89




Modifiers for Versions 1_1 to 1_4
90




Modifiers for ps_2_0 and Later
92


Pixel Shader Version Differences 92


Summary 93
5
Pixel Shader Examples
95


Example 1: 2-D Image Processing 95


Example 2: Multilayered Textures
101
PART II
PROGRAMMING HLSL SHADERS

6
HLSL Introduction
109


Tutorial 1: Start with a Vertex Shader: Hello World 110




Add a Diffuse Color 113


Tutorial 2: Add a Pixel Shader
115




Complementing
118




Darkening
118




Masking the Red Out
119




Displaying Red Only
119


Tutorial 3: Add a Procedural Texture 120


Building the Tutorials 122




Creating Resources
123




Rendering
129


Summary
130
7
The Language
131


Data Types
131




Scalar Types
131




Variable Declaration
132




Type Modifiers
132




Storage Class Modifiers 134




Semantics
135




Annotations 135




Vector Types 135




Matrix Types
138




Constructors 142




Casting
143




Integer Math
144




Complex Data Types
144


Expressions and Statements
149




Statements
155


Functions
160




Function Declaration
160




Function Body
167




Intrinsic Functions
168


Summary
169
8
HLSL Examples
171


Glow Example
171




Apply a Texture
173




Add the Glow 183


Sparkle Example 192




Vertex Shader 195




Texture Shader
198




Pixel Shader
199




Diffuse Only
201




Diffuse and Gloss
201




Diffuse, Gloss, and Sparkle
201




Vertex and Pixel Shader Creation
202




Procedural Texture Creation 204




Environment Map Creation
205




Mesh Creation
206




Render 210


HLSL Experimentation in EffectEdit
211


Summary
212
PART III
PROGRAMMING EFFECTS

9
Effect Introduction
215


Effects and the 3-D Pipeline
215


An Effect with an Assembly-Language Vertex Shader
217




Effect Global Variables 218




Effect State
219


HLSL Vertex Shader
222


Characteristics of Effects
225




Save and Restore State 225




Use Multiple Techniques and Passes
227




Share Parameters 229




Use Semantics to Find Parameters
230




Use Handles to Get and Set Parameters
230




Add Parameter Information with Annotations 231


Building an Effect
232




Create an Effect
232




Validate an Effect
234




Render an Effect
234


Summary
236
10
Assembly-Language Effect Examples
237


Example 1: Asm Vertex Shader with Lighting
237


Example 2: Asm Vertex Shader and Pixel Shader with Texturing
243


Example 3: Asm Vertex Shader Environment Map
249
11
HLSL Effect Examples 259


Example 1: Vertex and Pixel Shader with Per-Pixel Lighting
259


Example 2: Multiple-Pass Rendering with Alpha Blending
265


EffectEdit: Interactive Effect Development 274




The Code Pane 274




The Render Pane
275




The Rendering Options Pane
275




The Compile Results Pane 275




Getting an Effect to Run in EffectEdit
276


Example 3: Hemispheric Lighting 278
PART IV
APPENDIXES

A
Vertex Processing 287


Transformations
287




Affine Transform
289




Left-to-Right Order
290




World Transform
291




View Transform
292




Projection Transform
294


Vertex Fog
297


Lights and Materials
299


Ambient Light 300


Diffuse Light
300


Specular Light 301


Emissive Light
302


Light Attenuation
302


Spotlight Cone 303
B
Asm Shader Instructions
305


Instructions
305
C
HLSL Reference
347


1: Data Types 347




1.1 Intrinsic Types 347




1.2 User-Defined Types 348




1.3 Type Casts 349


2: Operators 351


3: User-Defined Functions 353




3.1 Vertex Shader Semantics 355




3.2 Pixel Shader Semantics 356




3.3 Procedural Texture Shader Semantics 357


4: Intrinsic Functions 357


5: Pixel Shader 1_x Considerations 386




5.1 ps_1_1, ps_1_2, and ps_1_3 387




5.2 ps_1_4 387




5.3 Modifiers 388




5.4 Texture Instructions 391


6: Keywords 397


7: Directives 398


8: Lexical Conventions 398




8.1 White Space 398




8.2 Floating-Point Numbers 399




8.3 Integer Numbers 399




8.4 Characters 400




8.5 Identifiers 401




8.6 Strings 400


9: Grammar 400




9.1 Program 400




9.2 Declarations 400




9.3 Usages 401




9.4 Types 401




9.5 Structures 402




9.6 Annotations 403




9.7 Variables 403




9.8 Initializers 403




9.9 Functions 403




9.10 Techniques 404




9.11 Statements 405




9.12 Expressions 405




9.13 Tokens 407
D
Effect Reference
409


1: Effect Format
409




1.1 Variables
409




1.2 Techniques 411




1.3 Passes 411




1.4 Expressions
411




1.5 Annotations
413




1.6 Cloning and Sharing
414




1.7 Handles
415




1.8 IDs and Semantics
416




1.9 Usages
417




1.10 Literals
417




1.11 Validation
418


2: Effect States
418




2.1 Light States 419




2.2 Material States
420




2.3 Render States: Vertex Pipeline vs. Pixel Pipeline 421




2.4 Sampler States
426




2.5 Sampler Stage States
426




2.6 Shader States
428




2.7 Shader Constant States
429




2.8 Texture States
431




2.9 Texture Stage States 431




2.10 Transform States 433




Summary
433
INDEX 435