Key terms are highlighted within the text and chapters end with brief summaries and discussion questions. Intended Audience: This text is designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses such as Memory, Human Memory, Memory and Cognition, and Memory and Forgetting.

Preface: An Introduction to the Nature of Human Memory 1. Memory: Historical and Current Perspectives

The Classic Model of Memory: Aristotle

Empiricism

Rationalism

Constructivism

Computer Models

The Study of Memory

Methodology and Research Traditions

Summary 2. Mainstream Foundations: The Associative Model of Memory

Ebbinghaus: Origins of the Associative Model

The Verbal Learning Tradition

List Learning and Serial Recall Curves

Interference Theory

Consolidation Theory

The Classic Associative Tradition

Interference Theory 1940s-1980s

Summary

Discussion 3. Sensory Memory

The Information Processing Tradition

Sensory Memory: General Properties

Masking

Output Interference

Echoic Memory

Summary

Discussion 4. Verbal Short-Term Memory

General Properties of Verbal Short-Term Memory

Codes in Verbal STM

Word Length

The Events that Occur When Information Enters Verbal STM

Forgetting in Verbal STM

Factors that Eliminate or Diminish Short-Term Forgetting

Cues and Verbal STM

Research Into Manipulations that Influence STM Recall

Models of Verbal Short-Term Memory

Summary

Discussion 5. Working Memory

Attention and Working Memory

Emergence of the Concept of Working Memory from Short-Term Memory

Models of Working Memory: Structural Assumptions

Capacity Theories of Working Memory

Working Memory as Strongly Activated Content

Working Memory in ACT

Loss of Information from WM: Ongoing Research

A Cueing Model of WM

WM as Attentional Capacity

The Genevan View

Inhibition of Unwanted Material

Domain-Specific Versus General Capacity Assumptions

WM and Phenomenological Experience

Summary

Discussion 6. Long-Term Memory: Foundations

Memory Stores

Spread of Encoding Versus Meaningfulness

Entry of Information into LTM

Retrieval of Information from LTM: Cues

Separate Memory Stores for Different Kinds of Information

Encoding Specificity

Single-Stage and Two-Stage Models of Retrieval

Recognition Memory

Signal Detection Theory

Summary

Discussion 7. Long-Term Memory: Ongoing Research

Spreading Activation Models

Propositional Coding: The Representation of Semantic Content

Secondary Cues, Recursive Processing, and Ecphory

Cyclical Retrieval/Global Memory Models

Priming and Spreading Activation Models

False Memory for Word Items

Context and Memory

Output Interference in LTM

Summary

Discussion 8. Constructivism

Constructivism: Basic Tenets

Bartlett

Piaget: The Genevan View

Constructivism in Mainstream Psychology

Summary 9. Memory Change: Alterations in the Components of a Memory

Postevent Information and Memory Change

Nonconstructivist Models of Memory Change

Constructivist Models of Memory Change

Research Data Relating to Constructivist and Nonconstructivist Models

Is Incorrect Information Incorporated into the Experienced Memory

Source Monitering

Inference and Suggestion in Eyewitness Recollection

Memory for Faces

Eyewitness and Investigative Procedures

Emotion and Eyewitness Testimony

Summary

Discussion 10. Long-Term Memory: Higher Order Structures

Inferences

Spatial Contexts

Context Effects: A Thoery of Spatial Relations, Motions, and Constraint

Mental Models

Story Schemas

Schank's Model of Knowledge Structures and Goal-Based Theory

Kintsch's Model of Prose Comprehension

Inferences, the Situation Model, and Knowledge Structures: Ongoing Research

What Inferences are Generated in Natural Text Comprehension?

Summary

Discussion 11. Autobiographical Memory

First Recollections

Causes of Childhood Amnesia

Fragment Memories

The Nature of Autobiographical Memory

Hierarchical Structure in Autobiographical Memory

Access and Retrieval in Autobiographical Memory

Accuracy and Distortion in Adult Recall

Goals, Perspective, and Meaning

Positive and Negative Affect in Episodic Memory

The Nature of Flashbulb Memory

Summary

Discussion 12. Memory for Images

The Strength of Visual Memory

Weakness of Visual Memory

The Debate Over Coding

Propositional Versus Analog Codes: The Experimental Research

Neuroimaging Studies

Perception and Memory Images: Deployment of the Same Neural Structures

Kosslyn's Theory of Image Generation

Eidetic Imagery

Hypermnesia 13. Implicit Memory

Perceptual and Semantic Priming

Implicit Memory: Major Issues

Structural/Activation Theory

Processing/Episodic Models of Priming

Unconscious Perception and Priming

Interference in Implicit Memory

Implicit Memory as a Separate Memory System

Priming as Transfer of Processing

Associative Learning

Monitoring of Frequency and Temporal Information

Complex Associative Learning

Implicit Processing and Emotion

Summary

Discussion 14. Traumatic Memory and False Memory

Memory and PTSD

Controlled Observational Research

Repression, Dissociation, and Consolidation Failure

An Epidemic of Recovered Memories

Satanic Rituals

Individuals Accused of Child Abuse

Recovered Memories: Empirical Findings

Trauma Associated with Incarceration: Memories of Concentration Camp Survivors

Memories of Crimes and Disasters

False Memories in Natural Contexts

False Memories in Young Children

Hypnosis and Memory

Summary

Discussion 15. Disorders of Memory

The Amnesic Syndrome

The Amnesic Syndrome: Theoretical Models

Deficit in Short-Term Recall

Frontal Lobe Damage

Loss of Memory for Selective Information

Reduplicative Paramnesia and Capgras Syndrome

Remediation

Memory and Aging

Dementia

Summary

Discussion 16. Neuroscience and Memory

The Neuron

The Human Brain

Neuroimaging Techniques

Memory Content and Distributed Processing

Strcutures that Mediate Memory

Memory Functions and Brain Structures: Neuroimaging Data

Storage of Declarative Memory Content: Perceptual Structures

Function and Location

Emotion and Memory

Intermediate Memory 17. Afterword

Why Do We Forget?

The Status of Information Coded on LTM

Meaning Codes and Higher Order Structures

Memory Change

Memories

Discussion