Garibaldi
Citizen of the World: A Biography

What adventure novelist could have invented the life of Giuseppe Garibaldi? This title tells the story of Garibaldi's public and private life, separating its myth-like reality from the outright myths that have surrounded Garibaldi since his own day.

He returned to Italy in 1848 to again fight for Italian independence, leading seven more campaigns, including the spectacular capture of Sicily.During the American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln even offered to make him a general in the Union army. Presenting Garibaldi as a complex and even contradictory figure, Scirocco shows us the pacifist who spent much of his life fighting; the nationalist who advocated European unification; the republican who served a king; and the man who, although compared by contemporaries to Aeneas and Odysseus, refused honors and wealth and spent his last years as a farmer.

Introduction ix
Chapter 1: Sailing the Mediterranean 1
Chapter 2: From Conspiracy to Exile 17
Chapter 3: The Rio Interlude 27
Chapter 4: Privateer 39
Chapter 5: In Rio Grande 54
Chapter 6: Loves, Friendships, and Amusements 74
Chapter 7: The Costa Brava Expedition 82
Chapter 8: Montevideo 95
Chapter 9: San Antonio de Salto 108
Chapter 10: His Fame Spreads 125
Chapter 11: Italy in 1848: The General Call to Arms 138
Chapter 12: The Rome Events of 1849 151
Chapter 13: The Bold Defi ance of 1849 168
Chapter 14: The Gray Years 182
Chapter 15: In the King's Ser vice 203
Chapter 16: Po liti cal Frustrations and Disappointments in Love 221
Chapter 17: The Epic Campaign of the Thousand 236
Chapter 18: The Dictator of Sicily 263
Chapter 19: Master of a Kingdom 287
Chapter 20: From the Solitude of Caprera to the Drama of Aspromonte 309
Chapter 21: Triumph in London 331
Chapter 22: Bezzecca, Mentana, and Dijon 343
Chapter 23: Pacifi sm, Socialism, and Democracy 364
Chapter 24: The Final Years: Family, Literary Activities, and Financial Concerns 388
Chapter 25: Epilogue 400
Chronology of Events 411
Bibliography 417
Index 431