Alternative Pathways in Science and Industry
Activism, Innovation, and the Environment in an Era of Globalizaztion

Combines theoretical discussion and case studies to demonstrate how social movements and related activism have affected innovation in science, technology, and industry in the United States.

Within each pathway, Hess examines reforms in five different areas: agriculture, energy, waste and manufacturing, infrastructure, and finance. The book's theoretical argument and empirical evidence demonstrate the complex pattern of incorporation (of grassroots innovations) and transformation (of alternative ownership structures and the alternative products themselves) that has characterized the relationship of industry and activism. Hess's analysis of alternative pathways to change suggests ways economic organizations could shift to a more just and sustainable course in the twenty-first century.