Against Massacre
Humanitarian Interventions in the Ottoman Empire, 1815-1914

Looks at the rise of humanitarian intervention in the nineteenth century, from the fall of Napoleon to the First World War. Examining the concept from a historical perspective, this title explores the understudied cases of European interventions and noninterventions in the Ottoman Empire.

He considers the claims and mixed motives of intervening states for aiding humanity, the relationship between public outcry and state action or inaction, and the bias and selectiveness of governments and campaigners. An original account of humanitarian interventions some two centuries ago, "Against Massacre" investigates the varied consequences of European involvement in the Ottoman Empire and the lessons that can be learned for similar actions today.

Acknowledgments ix
Introduction 1
Chapter One: The International Context of Nineteenth-Century Humanitarian Interventions 18
Chapter Two: Exclusion of the Ottoman Empire from the Family of Nations,and Legal Doctrines of Humanitarian Intervention 36
Chapter Three: Intervention on Behalf of Ottoman Greeks (1821-33) 63
Chapter Four: Intervention in Ottoman Lebanon and Syria (1860-61) 91
Chapter Five: The First Intervention in Crete (1866-69) 118
Chapter Six: Nonintervention during the Eastern Crisis (1875-78) 141
Chapter Seven: Intermezzo-The International Context (1878-1908) 170
Chapter Eight: Nonintervention on Behalf of the Ottoman Armenians (1886-1909) 185
Chapter Nine: The Second Intervention in Crete (1896-1900) 212
Chapter Ten: Nonforcible Intervention in the Ottoman Macedonian Provinces (1903-08) 229
Epilogue 247
Abbreviations 277
Notes 279
Bibliography 345
Index 385