An analysis of the Hungarian research sphere. Since the beginning of industrialization, Hungary has attempted to catch up with the economically more developed Western European countries. The problems she encountered are similar to those that modern industrialized economies are facing today.

Issues such as globalization and the fight against joblessness as well as the growth dynamics of economies in general have been linked with science and technology. Accordingly, the growing public interest in the effects of science and technology on society and politics and vice versa have been the foremost reason for the creation of this study. One of the central questions for politicians as well as for scholars in the field of science and technology is, "How can I influence a given science and technology system in a way so as to achieve optimal outcomes for a given national economy?". The study at hand tries to answer this question by analyzing the Hungarian research sphere from industrialization until the late-20th century. Since the beginning of industrialization, Hungary has made a number of attempts to catch up with the economically more developed Western European countries. The problems encountered in the course of the Hungarian efforts are surprisingly similar to the difficulties that modern, fully industrialized economies are facing today.

Part 1 Introduction. Part 2 Theoretical background: theoretical models of technological change
systems theory and S&
T systems. Part 3 The foundations - establishing a national science and technology system: historical development of the S&
T system
policy maker's models and intentions
actual effects of policies
possible explanations for the differences. Part 4 The first transition - the implementation of the Soviet S&
T system: historical development of the S&
T system
policy maker's models and intentions
actual effects of policies
possible explanations for the differences. Part 5 The second transition - the new economic mechanism: historical development of the S&
T system
policy maker's models and intentions
actual effects of policies
possible explanations for the differences. Part 6 The third transition - the return to capitalism: historical development of the S&
T system
policy maker's models and intentions
actual effects of policies
possible explanations for the differences. Part 7 Presence and future -Hungary and the other CEECs: Hungary's economy in the region
Hungary's S&
T system in the region
the S&
T systems of Austria, Slovenia and Hungary compared. Part 8 Learning from the past for the future: the introduction revisited
what can be learned for actual policy-making?